Initial commit

Features
* Simple Application class as the entry point into a terminal application
* Abstract Command class that can be extend and configure itself to accept arguments/options
* Arguments/options framework in order to define and validate command line arguments and options

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Terminal/Application.cs

+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Linq;
+using TBureck.Terminal.Commands;
+using TBureck.Terminal.IO;
+
+namespace TBureck.Terminal
+{
+    
+    public class Application : ICommandContainer
+    {
+        
+        public IList<ICommand> Commands { get; }
+
+        public Application()
+        {
+            this.Commands = new List<ICommand>();
+            
+            this.Add(new ListCommand(this));
+        }
+
+        public void Add(ICommand command)
+        {
+            this.Commands.Add(command);
+        }
+
+        protected virtual ICommand FindCommand(string commandName)
+        {
+            ICommand command = this.Commands.FirstOrDefault(c => c.Name == commandName);
+            
+            if (command == null) {
+                throw new CommandNotFoundException(commandName);
+            }
+
+            return command;
+        }
+
+        public int Run()
+        {
+            return this.Run(new List<string>());
+        }
+
+        public int Run(IList<string> args, IInput input = null, IOutput output = null)
+        {
+            if (output == null) {
+                output = new ConsoleOutput();
+            }
+            
+            if (args.Count == 0) {
+                return 1;
+            }
+
+            if (input == null) {
+                input = ArgsInput.Of(args.Skip(1).ToList());
+            }
+
+            int exitCode;
+            
+            try {
+                // Treat first argument as the command name:
+                string commandName = args.FirstOrDefault();
+                ICommand command = this.FindCommand(commandName);
+                
+                exitCode = command.Execute(input, output);
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+                output.WriteLine(e.Message);
+                exitCode = 1;
+            }
+
+            return exitCode;
+        }
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file

Terminal/Commands/Command.cs

+using TBureck.Terminal.IO;
+
+namespace TBureck.Terminal.Commands
+{
+    
+    public class Command : ICommand
+    {
+        
+        public string Name { get; protected set; }
+        public string Description { get; protected set; }
+        public InputDefinition InputDefinition { get; }
+
+        protected Command()
+        {
+            this.InputDefinition = new InputDefinition();
+            
+            // This call of a virtual method is fine, because child classes are supposed to have the chance to
+            // change their configuration at this place.
+            // ReSharper disable once VirtualMemberCallInConstructor
+            this.Configure();
+        }
+
+        public virtual void Configure() { }
+
+        public virtual int Execute(IInput input, IOutput output)
+        {
+            return 0;
+        }
+
+        protected void AddArgument(
+            string name,
+            InputArgumentMode mode = InputArgumentMode.Optional,
+            string description = "",
+            string @default = null
+        ) {
+            this.InputDefinition.AddArgument(InputArgument.Of(name, mode, description, @default));
+        }
+
+        protected void AddOption(
+            string name,
+            string shortcut = null,
+            InputOptionMode mode = InputOptionMode.NoValue,
+            string description = "",
+            string @default = null
+        ) {
+            this.InputDefinition.AddOption(InputOption.Of(name, shortcut, mode, description, @default));
+        }
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file

Terminal/Commands/CommandNotFoundException.cs

+using System;
+
+namespace TBureck.Terminal.Commands
+{
+    
+    public class CommandNotFoundException : Exception
+    {
+        public CommandNotFoundException(string commandName) : base($"Command \"{commandName}\" could not be found.")
+        {
+        }
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file

Terminal/Commands/ICommand.cs

+using TBureck.Terminal.IO;
+
+namespace TBureck.Terminal.Commands
+{
+    
+    public interface ICommand
+    {
+        
+        string Name { get; }
+        string Description { get; }
+        InputDefinition InputDefinition { get; }
+
+        void Configure();
+        
+        int Execute(IInput input, IOutput output);
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file

Terminal/Commands/ICommandContainer.cs

+using System.Collections.Generic;
+
+namespace TBureck.Terminal.Commands
+{
+    
+    public interface ICommandContainer
+    {
+        
+        IList<ICommand> Commands { get; }
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file

Terminal/Commands/ListCommand.cs

+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using TBureck.Terminal.IO;
+
+namespace TBureck.Terminal.Commands
+{
+    
+    public class ListCommand : Command
+    {
+        
+        private readonly ICommandContainer _commandContainer;
+
+        public ListCommand(ICommandContainer commandContainer)
+        {
+            this._commandContainer = commandContainer;
+        }
+
+        public override void Configure()
+        {
+            this.Name = "list";
+            this.Description = "Lists all available commands";
+        }
+
+        public void Execute(IInput input, IOutput output)
+        {
+            output.WriteLine("Available commands:");
+
+            foreach (ICommand command in this._commandContainer.Commands) {
+                output.WriteLine($"\t{command.Name}\t\t\t{command.Description}");
+            }
+            
+            output.WriteLine($"\t{this.Name}\t\t\t{this.Description}");
+        }
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file

Terminal/IO/ArgsInput.cs

+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Linq;
+
+namespace TBureck.Terminal.IO
+{
+    
+    public class ArgsInput : IInput
+    {
+
+        private readonly IList<string> _unparsedArgs;
+
+        public IDictionary<string, string> Arguments { get; }
+        public IDictionary<string, string> Options { get; }
+
+        private InputDefinition InputDefinition { get; set; }
+        
+        private ArgsInput(IList<string> args)
+        {
+            this.Arguments = new Dictionary<string, string>();
+            this.Options = new Dictionary<string, string>();
+
+            this._unparsedArgs = args;
+        }
+
+        public void Bind(InputDefinition inputDefinition)
+        {
+            this.Arguments.Clear();
+            this.Options.Clear();
+
+            this.InputDefinition = inputDefinition;
+            
+            this.ParseArgs(this._unparsedArgs);
+        }
+
+        private void ParseArgs(IList<string> args) 
+        {
+            if (args.Count == 0) {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            int supportedArguments = this.InputDefinition.ArgumentCount;
+            int givenArgumentCount = 0;
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < args.Count; i++) {
+                if (args[i].StartsWith("-")) {
+                    InputOption option = args[i].StartsWith("--") 
+                        ? this.InputDefinition.GetOption(args[i].Substring(2)) 
+                        : this.InputDefinition.GetOptionForShortcut(args[i].Substring(1));
+                    
+                    if (this.ParseOption(option, args.ElementAtOrDefault(i + 1))) {
+                        i += 1;
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    if (givenArgumentCount >= supportedArguments) {
+                        throw new ArgumentException($"Command does not support {supportedArguments + 1} arguments. Please check your input from \"{args[i]}\".");
+                    }
+
+                    InputArgument argument = this.InputDefinition.Arguments[givenArgumentCount];
+                    
+                    this.Arguments[argument.Name] = args[i];
+
+                    givenArgumentCount++;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// This method will parse an option. It returns true, if the given option reads a value.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="option">The InputOption definition of the option to parse.</param>
+        /// <param name="possibleValue">The following token representing the possible value of this option.</param>
+        /// <returns>true, if the value was used. false otherwise.</returns>
+        private bool ParseOption(InputOption option, string possibleValue)
+        {
+            if (option.AcceptsValue) {
+                this.Options[option.Name] = possibleValue;
+
+                return true;
+            }
+            
+            this.Options[option.Name] = null;
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        public static ArgsInput Of(IList<string> args)
+        {
+            return new ArgsInput(args);
+        }
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file

Terminal/IO/ConsoleOutput.cs

+using System;
+
+namespace TBureck.Terminal.IO
+{
+    
+    public class ConsoleOutput : IOutput
+    {
+        
+        public void WriteLine(string output)